Sunday, February 9, 2014

Chief of Battle: Part one

In the late 40's the British started looking for a new design of tank to replace their Centurions.  However, nothing came of that programme and the Centurions remained in service. A decade later the same idea came up again.

Design started in the early 1950's on the Medium Gun tank No 2, renamed in 1962 to the FV4201. The two main requirements were for survivability and firepower.  These requirements were due entirely to the expected threat of the Warsaw Pact forces.
In line with with NATO it was decided to fit multi-fuel engines to all new tanks.  Everyone else quickly realised this was impractical, however, despite reservations the Chieftain was fielded with such an engine.  It is safe to say that the engine was the thing that broke the tank.
The L60 multi-fuel engine was based on parts from a World War Two era Junkers Jumo engine, the same type as those fitted to the various German bombers!  It was also built by a company that had a less than stellar reputation in the motoring industry.  The engine performance was so poor that when in 1960 automotive trials were carried out, the tank actually failed to finish.
Conqueror, Centurion and Chieftain
In other aspects, the tank was excellent.  The 120mm L11 gun provided unmatched range, precision and killing power.  At the time nearly all tanks were armed with guns of around 100mm calibre.  The split case ammunition was found not to lower the tanks rate of fire and it enabled many advantages such as the ability to store all explosives below the level of the turret ring, while the solid armour piercing rounds could be stored in the turret.

The armour protection to the front of the tank was provided by cast armour inspired by an IS2 the British had found under a collapsed block of flats in Berlin in 1945. The casting of the turret was so thick that each one had to cool for one year.

In 1962 two tanks were given to the British army for testing in the German winter.  At first the crews loved the ability for the tracks to grip the ground, and the handling was deemed to be excellent.  Then the crews realised the tank lacked a heater.

The lack of a heater wasn't as much of an issue in Iran.  By the time of the 1979 revolution the Iranian army had brought about 700 Chieftains.  At the end of 1980 when the Iran-Iraq war broke out, those Chieftains were still crewed by experienced well trained soldiers.  The High Command of the Iranian forces wasn't of such high quality.  In the Chieftains first combat deployment it began to show its flaws, these were exacerbated by the poor Iranian command.
In January 1981, after the Iraqi offensive had run out of thrust the Iranians launched a counterattack at a place called Susangerd.  The Iranians brought about 400 Chieftains to bear on a slightly smaller Iraqi force.  The Iranians lacked reconnaissance and artillery support.

Before the battle could be joined Iranian engineers began to construct bridges over the Karkheh River.  Without screening reconnaissance forces the Iraqi's could calmly watch and report.  Realising that a major offensive was planned the Iraqi force fell back two kilometres and took up defensive positions, also digging in on the flanks to create a perfect kill zone.
The area itself was the flood plain for the river, and was extremely boggy and wet.  Only two paved roads ran across the area. The lead Iranian Brigade attacked along these roads in column, with no scouts to screen them.
When the Iraqi's opened fire from their hull down positions they had perfect flank shots negating the huge advantage of the Chieftains frontal armour.  Equally when the Chieftains tried to manoeuvre they bogged down and became immobilised with frightening ease due to the poor power output and unreliability of the engine. The entire lead brigade was wiped out.
Frontal penetrating hits on Iranian Chieftains
The next day the Iranians launched their second brigade into the fight.  Through sheer brute force they managed to close with the Iraqi's.  The Iraqi's inexperience began to show, instead of out manoeuvring the Iranians they just held on and a brutal close range fight developed.  At such close range the massive fire-power of the Chieftains could smash through even the best armour of the Soviet tanks.
It was all for nought as the Iranian Chieftains took too much of a beating and they had to fall back.  After the battle one hundred Iranian tanks had been destroyed and a similar number were captured. The Iraqi's had lost about fifty tanks and fifty more smaller armoured vehicles.

This costly failure did combat test one part of the Chieftain that passed with flying colours, Crew survivability.  All the bag charges in the Chieftain were contained in a special storage container filled with a Glycol and water mixture. This often managed to retard the rate at which the bag charges burned when a tank was penetrated.  When a container was pierced there would be a white smoke and a loud hissing noise giving warning that a fire had started. Although eventually the fire would spread this would often take several minutes,  more than long enough to evacuate wounded crew members.  In comparison a Soviet tank on the Iraqi side would often be torn apart immediately by its ammunition exploding if it was penetrated.
Iraqi's bailing out of a BMP1
The frontal armour also worked.  Later in the war at a border check post called Zeid, an Iranian tank commander was hull down as the Iraqi's attacked.  Whilst he was using the periscope to direct his gunner towards one of the attacking Iraqi T-72's he suddenly couldn't see.  Sticking his head out of the hatch he saw a glowing spot on the turret front.  An Iraqi 125mm APDS (Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot) round had passed through the crest of the sand bank in front of his tank and impacted on his armour without penetrating.

Part two can be found here.

Edit 10/2/14:
Made a mistake with the dates, and I, rightly, got called up on it. The error is fixed now.

14 comments:

  1. Looking forward to part two, thanks for this!

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  2. Excellent read.

    Incredible turret penetrations on those two chieftain pictures. They look like the got hit head on and still penetrated.

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    1. Thanks everyone.

      As to those two pictures, There's very little data about who, what or at what range.

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  3. How come the engine wasn't replaced, considering it was the major flaw? Was the tank incapable of fitting anything other than the original, or was it just budgetary/political constraints?

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    1. Politics, however no one knows exactly why.

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    2. Maybe because when Brits decide to use something they don't like to change it. Similar example could be used when they have brought Cromwell's. The Comet crews were complaining about box type tank which did not really had an option of bouncing shells and they saw the very same flaws on Cromwell, when they got to see the tank at first (honestly I do not think that they have changed their mind). It was like the UK High Command did not see or was not listening to crew recommendations at all. Also the gun was heavily underpowered (75mm Ordinance) and was not a match for German armor such as Tigers or Panthers.
      I am not saying that this is it, but it would not the first time nor last time when Brits did something like that.

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    3. @Leeder
      The engine went through substantial upgrade, modifcations and types over its 30 year service life, so to say otherwise is misleading and downright incorrect. Admittedly it was unreliable and prone to breakdown in the early years. This was mainly due to inactivity. In common with ALL diesel engines, they perform better when they are used all the time.

      How do I know.... I served on 'Smokey Joe's' from 1977 to 1988 when I then went on to Challenger 1's.

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  4. good Job Lister, can't of been easy to find all this information...

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  5. @ Listy

    "The split case ammunition" no..... 2 part ammunition.... a bag-chrage and a projectile.
    This had 2 advantages over brass- cased ammo.
    1. It greatly reduced the overall weight of the tank and,
    2. The entire bomb-load could be fired without having to open up to eject empty brass cartridges

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  6. Good read. It begs for more or alternatively "release your sources" :-). The photos are press release samples? Cheers.

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  7. Great information, and some nice trivia. Well done

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